Term I
A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction to Pharmacology
Drug Compendia (Information sources)
- Pharmacopoeiea, Formulary, Treatment guidelines (BP, INN, BNF, and BDNF)
Drug Administration
- Routes, drug delivery, and formulations for local & systemic effects
Drug Absorption
- Transfer of drugs across cell membrane & specialized barriers, Factors influencing absorption
Bio-availability
- Studies to compare Bio-equivalence to monitor therapy
Drug Distribution
- Vd, Plasma protein & tissue binding, redistribution
Drug Metabolism
- Where, why, and how of bio-transformation occurred
- Hepatic microsomal enzymes- induction inhibition
- Genetic influence on Drug metabolism (Pharmacogenetics)
Drug Elimination
- Routes, Renal Excretion Factors Influencing Renal Excretion
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
- Vd, CL, First & Zero order kinetics of Elimination
- t½, Steady state concentration
- loading dose & maintenance dose
Pharmaco-Dynamics
- Specific and non-specific mechanisms
- Receptors involved
- Second messenger system
- Enzyme mediated drug action
Quantitative aspects of drug action
- Dose-response relationships & curves
- Therapeutic Index and window-importance Information obtained from D-R curves
- Agonists – efficacy , potency, shift of curves
- Antagonists – efficacy, potency, shift of curves
Individual variations in drug responses
Drug Interaction at different levels
Drug Safety and Pharmacovigilance
Adverse drug reactions
- Types, detecting, managing, monitoring &; reporting ADR
B. AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction
- Organization of ANS – sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric NS
- Transmitters in ANS (ACh, NA, NANCs) Co-transmission
- Pre and postsynaptic modulation
- Cholinergic neurotransmission & drugs modifying the events,
- Cholinergic receptors
Cholinergic Drugs
- Effects of the stimulation of Cholinoceptors
- Classification of cholinergic drugs
- cholinoceptor agonists and anti-cholinesterase
Drugs for Glaucoma
- Role of Cholinergic drugs compared to other drugs
OPC insecticide poisoning
- Manifestation & management
Anti-cholinergic Anti-muscarinic
- Atropine and atropine substitutes
Anti-cholinergic anti-nicotinic
- Classification – Neuromuscular blockers & their role as skeletal muscle relaxants during anesthesia
- Ganglion blocker (names only)
Adrenergic neurotransmission
- Drugs modifying the events
- Adrenergic receptors
- Effects of stimulation of adrenoceptors
Adrenergic Drugs
- Classification
- Adrenergic inotropic agents and Their role in therapy
- Role of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline, Dopamine, and dobutamine in therapy
- Adrenergic vasoconstrictors & nasal decongestants
Selective β2 agonists as Bronchodilators, Other bronchodilators Used in bronchial asthma
α–adrenoceptor antagonist
- Role of selective α1 antagonist in therapy
β- adrenoceptor antagonist
- Role of β blockers in therapy
Renal & Cardiovascular Pharmacology
Diuretics
- Classification of diuretics: based on sites & mechanism of action and efficacy
- Pharmacology of Thiazides, Loop, Potassium-sparing diuretics: their role in therapy edema and hypertension
Drugs used in hypertension
- Epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension, Objectives of anti-hypertensive therapy
- Classification of anti-hypertensive drugs.
- Pharmacology of Diuretics, b blockers, Ca channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor antagonists, blockers, methyl dopa, Vasodilators
- Principles of selection of drug in different clinical situations
Drugs used in congestive cardiac failure
- Pathophysiology of heart failure
- Objectives of therapy
- Drugs used in CCF: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors & ARBs, Selective
b-blockers, (Additional) Cardiac glycosides, vasodilators, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Antianginal drugs
- Pathophysiology of angina
- Objectives of therapy
- Drugs used in angina: Nitrates, β- blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- Pathophysiology of arrhythmia
- Pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs
HEMATOPOIETIC PHARMACOLOGY
Anticoagulants & Thrombolytics
Pathophysiology of thrombo-embolism
Pharmacology of Anti-coagulants: Heparin and LMW heparin, warfarin
Pharmacology of thrombolytics: Streptokinase, Alteplase, Rerelease etc
Antiplatelet drugs
Pharmacology of low-dose aspirin, clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and their role in therapy
Lipid-regulating drugs
Pharmacology of statins. fibrates, nicotinic acid, resins etc
Drugs for anemia
Pathophysiology of anemia Pharmacology of hemopoietic iron, folic acid, vit B12
Pharmacology of erythropoietin
Endocrine Pharmacology
Endocrine Pancreas and control of blood glucose
Islet hormones, control of blood glucose Diabetes mellitus – types, diagnostic criteria, monitoring Insulin & preparations Oral Hypoglycemic agent’s Hypoglycemic reactions & management
Adrenal cortex and drugs used in therapy
Adrenocortical hormones: synthesis & blockers; Control of secretion, mechanism of action Pharmacological actions, uses, and preparations Adverse effects
Reproductive system
Hormonal control of the female reproductive system Estrogens & anti-estrogens
Progesterone & anti-progesterone Hormone replacement therapy
(HRT) Drugs used for contraception
The Uterus
Drugs that stimulate uterine contraction (oxytocic) Drugs that inhibit uterine contraction
The Thyroid
Synthesis, storage & secretion of thyroid hormones Thyroid functions & regulations Abnormalities of thyroid function Drugs used in the disease of the thyroid
Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
Drugs used in Peptic ulcer
Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer Therapeutic goal and approach Antacids, H2-blockers, Proton pump inhibitors, gastric cytoprotective agents, Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen Gastroprokinetic drugs and other agents
Drugs to treat diarrhea
Epidemiology, Principles of management Fluid and electrolyte replacement, Selection of route and preparations ORS and different IV fluids Role of Antimicrobial drugs, Antimotility drugs
Drugs used in helminthiasis
Laxatives
Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBS) & irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS)
Anti-emetic and Pro-kinetic drugs
