Contents
Introduction to pathology
Core
- Introduction to different branches of pathology
- Definition, etiology, morphology, and pathogenesis
Cell injury
Core
Cause of cell injury
- Reversible and irreversible injury: mechanism
- Mechanism of hypoxic injury
- Name of the free radical, target of the free radical and scavenging system (name of the anti-oxidant), the
definition of reperfusion injury
- Definition of necrosis and apoptosis, types of necrosis, and morphologic features with examples
- Mechanism of free radical injury and reperfusion injury, apoptosis
- Consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of calcium homeostasis
Pigments and calcification
Core
- Pathological calcification- dystrophic and metastatic: definitions with examples
- Different intracellular pigmentation particularly their name
Additional
Mechanism of calcification
Acute Inflammation
Core
- Causes and cardinal signs or features of acute inflammation
- Vascular and cellular events Chemical mediators and their function
- Morphological patterns of acute inflammation
- The outcome of acute inflammation
- Local and systemic effects of acute inflammation
Additional
- Recruitment of leukocytes
- Role of complement, coagulation, and kinin system
- Mechanism of neutrophil recruitment
- Recognition of microbes and dead tissue
- Defects in leukocyte function
- How the chemical mediator works
Chronic inflammation
Core
- Cause
- Difference with acute inflammation
- Role of macrophage
- Examples of granulomatous lesions
- Type of granuloma
- Mechanism of granuloma
Additional- Giant cells
Repair and healing
Core
- Definition of healing, repair, and regeneration
- Steps of cutaneous wound healing
- Factors influencing wound healing
- Complications of wound healing
- Fracture healing
- Nerve regeneration
Additional
- Stem cell
- Growth cycle
- Extracellular matrix
Edema and electrolyte disorder
Core
- Pathophysiology of edema
- Mechanism of edema in cirrhosis, renal disease, and heart failure
- Examination of body fluids such as pleural effusion, ascitic fluid
- Electrolyte disorder: causes of metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis
Hyperemia, congestion and hemorrhage and Shock
Core
- Definition of hyperemia, congestion, and hemorrhage
- Cause of passive Congestion in lung and liver
- Shock: type, the pathogenesis of septic shock, stages
Additional
- Morphology of passive congestion in lung and liver
- Mechanism of compensation in shock
Thrombosis and embolism
Core
- Mechanism of thrombosis
- the fate of thrombus
- Clinical consequence of venous thrombosis, arterial and cardiac thrombosis
- DIC
Embolism and infarction
Core
- Definition of embolism
- Pulmonary embolism: source and consequence
- Systemic thromboembolism: source and consequence
- Air embolism, fat embolism, amniotic fluid embolism: source and consequence
- Infarct: definition, types, factors influencing the formation of infarct
Growth disturbance and adaptive change
Core
- Adaptive change
- Definitions and examples of atrophy, metaplasia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia
Additional
Mechanism of the adaptive changes
Neoplasia
Core
- Definition and characteristics of neoplasia
- Nomenclature
- Features of benign and malignant tumor
- Spread of tumor
- Genetic predisposition to cancer
- Example of a proto-oncogene, a cancer suppressor gene
- Precancerous conditions
Additional
- Molecular basis of cancer
Carcinogenesis
Core
- Chemical carcinogen: classification
- Tumor: initiation and promotion
- Microbiologlogical carcinogen: name and the cancer associated with them
- Name of the radiant energy and the cancer associated with them
Additional
Mechanism of the carcinogenesis of the viruses and radiant energy particularly of HPV and EBV H pylori
Tumor immunity and clinical aspects of neoplasia and laboratory diagnosis of tumor
Core
- Tumor antigen
- Antitumor mechanism
- Immune surveillance
- Cancer cachexia
- Paraneoplastic syndrome
- Grading and staging of tumor: basis and their use
- Laboratory diagnosis: role of FNAC, cytological examination, pap smear, frozen
section and immunohistochemistry
Additional
- Mechanism of immune surveillance
- Paraneoplastic syndrome
- Molecular diagnosis of cancer
Genetics
Core
- Basic definitions, mutation, type
- Classification of genetic disease
- Mendelian disorder: characteristics and examples
- Features of Down syndrome, turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome, and hermaphrodite
- Name of the tools for diagnosis of genetic disease karyotype, FISH, PCR
Additional
- Biochemical and molecular basis of single gene disorder, lysosomal storage disease
- Single gene disorder non-classical inheritance
- Indications of prenatal diagnosis
Immunopathology
Core
- Name of immune deficiency diseases
- Autoimmune diseases: name of the organ-specific autoimmune diseases and the basic pathogenesis (name of the
antibody)
- Name of the diagnostic tools
Infectious Disease
Core
- Lesions produced by tuberculosis, leprosy, and syphilis
- Name of the diagnostic tools
Nutritional disorders
Core
- Bone changes in deficiency states
- Features of vitamin A, Vit B12, and folic acid deficiency
Additional
- Iron metabolism
- Vitamin A and D metabolism
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency mechanism
Environmental diseases and hazards
Core
- Diseases associated with smoking, arsenicosis, radiation hazard
Term-1B – General Pathology, Hematolymphoid System (Term-1B)
Lymphoreticular
Core
- Causes of lymphadenopathy, Outline of classification of NHL
- Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Classification, morphology
Additional
- Immune diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma
- Burkitt lymphoma: morphology
- Follicular lymphoma: morphology
- Causes of splenomegaly
Hematopathology
Core
- Hematopoiesis, different stages of RBC and WBC
- Causes of Leukocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, monocytosis and thrombocytopenia
- Anemia: morphological and etiological classification
- Lab. diagnosis of nutritional anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia
- Hemolytic anemia: classification
- Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: lab diagnosis
- Aplastic anemia: etiology and lab diagnosis
- PNH, AIHA, Coombs test
- Classification of bleeding disorder
- ITP: causes and lab diagnosis
- Hemophilia: causes and lab. investigation
- Leukemia: classification and lab diagnosis
- CGL
- Multiple myeloma: lab. Diagnosis
Additional
- Constituents of blood and bone marrow
- Polycythemia
Blood Group and blood transfusion
Core
- Blood transfusion: grouping and cross matching, transfusion reaction, blood transmissible disease, Rh incompatibility, Blood transfusion products
Term-2A – Systemic Pathology (Term-2A)
Blood vessels
Core
- Name of different vasculitis, and vascular tumors
Core
- Define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, aneurysm and dissection,
- Risk factors of atherosclerosis, site of involvement, and complications
- Lipid profile
Additional: Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Heart
Must know
- Ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction: pathogenesis, morphological features, and biochemical
indicators, complications
- Rheumatic fever: pathogenesis, morphology and complications
- Infective endocarditis: pathogenesis, morphology and complications
- Causes of myocarditis, pericarditis
Additional
Names of congenital heart disease
Respiratory System
Core:
- Cause of Pulmonary edema
- Define: ARDS, obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumoconiosis
- Morphology of obstructive airway disease
- Pathogenesis and morphology of Pneumonia
- Lung abscess: pathogenesis and morphology
- Pulmonary tuberculosis: pathogenesis, morphology, fate
- Cause of pleural effusion
- Classification of lung tumor
Additional
- Congenital anomalies
- Pathogenesis of obstructive airway disease, name of the granulomatous lesion of the lung
- The defense mechanism of lung
- Definition of restrictive disease
- Morphology and clinical effect of lung tumor
GIT
Core
- Leukoplakia, the name of the carcinoma of the oral cavity
- Salivary gland tumor, morphology of pleomorphic adenoma
- Oesophagus: causes of oesophagitis, Barretts oesophagus
- Congenital anomalies of GIT – morphology of Hirschprung disease and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
- PUD: pathogenesis, morphology, complications
- Inflammatory bowel syndrome, difference between crohns and ulcerative colitis
- Tumors of stomach
- Gastric cancer: morphology and etiopathogenesis
- Acute appendicitis: Morphology
- Ca colon: morphology and etiopathogenesis
- Name of the different polyps of GIT
Additional
- Pathogenesis of IBD
- Diverticulosis
- Infarction
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Ulcerative lesion of GIT
Term-2B – Systemic Pathology (Term-2B)
Hepatobiliary system
Core
- Liver function tests & their interpretation
- Jaundice: types, differences
- Hepatitis: cause, morphology
- Cirrhosis: etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and complication
- Portal hypertension and hepatic failure: feature
- Liver abscess: morphological features
- Tumor of the liver: types
- Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: etiology, pathogenesis
Additional
- Neonatal jaundice
- Diseases of the exocrine pancreas
- Hepatic Cysts
Term-2B – Systemic Pathology (Term-2B )
Renal system
Core
- Classification of renal disease and its clinical Manifestation
- Renal function tests including examination of urine
- Immune basis of glomerulonephritis
- Classification of glomerulonephritis
- Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: etiopathogenesis, morphology, complications
- Nephrotic syndrome: definition, causes
- Pyelonephritis: etiopathogenesis, morphology and complications
- Renal tumor: different types
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Urinary bladder tumor: different types
Additional
- Congenital disease of the kidney
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Urolithiasis: Types
- Morphology of renal cell carcinoma
- Morphology of different types of cystitis
Male genital system
Core:
- Prostate: causes of prostatitis
- An etiopathogenesis and morphology of nodular hyperplasia
- Role of PSA in prostatic carcinoma
Testis
- Undescended testis: Importance
- Inflammatory diseases of testis
- Testicular tumor: classification and clinical outcome
- Morphology of seminoma, yolk sac tumor, and embryonal carcinoma
- Tumor markers for testicular tumors
- Semen analysis
Female genital system
Core
- Causes of cervicitis, salpingitis
- Risk factors of cervical cancer
- Role of human papillomavirus –screening for cervical cancer
- Different histological types of cervical cancer
- Endometriosis: possible mechanism, sites, and effect of endometriosis
- Common tumor of the corpus of the uterus: morphology of leiomyoma
- Endometrial hyperplasia: different types, their morphology and importance
- Classification of ovarian tumor and role of tumor marker
- Morphology of teratoma, dysgerminoma, choriocarcinoma and the different surface epithelial tumors, Krukenberg tumor
- Hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma: predisposing factors, morphology, and diagnosis
- Pregnancy test
Breast
Core
- Name of the different inflammatory diseases of the breast, cause of lump of breast
- Fibrocystic disease: different types and their importance
- Classification of breast tumor
- Breast carcinoma: risk factors and the prognostic factors
- Screening of breast carcinoma
Endocrine system—thyroid and endocrine pancreas diabetes mellitus
Core
- Causes of goiter, name of the different autoimmune diseases of the thyroid
- Thyroiditis: types and morphology
- Different types of thyroid tumors, their morphology, and prognosis
- Diabetes mellitus: different types, pathogenesis, and complications
- Estimation of blood sugar
- Glucose tolerance test and its interpretation
Additional
- Mechanism of ketoacidosis
Skin
Core
- Terms used in dermatology
- Cause of bullous lesions
- Name of premalignant and malignant lesions of the skin
- Basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma: morphology
CNS
Core
- Indications of Examination of CSF and the findings in different types of meningitis
- Name of the CNS tumor
Additional
- Changes in cerebral infarction
Bone, soft tissue, eye, and ENT
Core
- Soft tissue tumor: names
- Bone tumor: names and their histogenesis
- Aetiopathogenesis: an etiopathogenesis, morphology
- Name of the tumors of the eye and nasal cavity
Additional
- Morphology of retinoblastoma, giant cell tumor of bone, Ewings sarcoma
